Uploaded on 2016-04-05 by Ozgedilgen

**1) Provisioning Services** **Food:** Ecosystems in Turkey provide the conditions for growing food. As a result Turkey can be defined as an agriculture land. The 30% of Istanbul's land area is convenient for cultivation. In Istanbul; primarily wheat, barley, oats, rice, corn, beans, chickpeas, vetch, sugar beet, sunflower and potatoes are grown. 390.150 decar wheat 159.500 decar sunflower 4.964 decar beans ![Agriculture Map][1] ![Agriculture map2][2] ![Sunfower Istanbul][3] As Istanbul is located in between Blacksea and Eagean Sea, connected the two by Marmara Sea; it also provides a wide range of seafood. Other animal products are; poultry, beekeeping and sericulture. ![Food services-Istanbul][4] **Raw Materials:** In general; There isn't much mineral value formations in Istanbul. The mineral values formed in Istanbul are; manganese which is the only metal ore mining, coal and lignite. Because of jeological structure of Istanbul, there has been many quarries. There has been many sources such as; marble, limestone, quartzite, perlite, kaolin, clay and sand sources, that came o the point of exhaustion as the results of the high demand of the construction sector. Especially quartz and kaolin has improved the glass and ceramics industry in Istanbul. Although a limited amount of forestry activities are carried in İstanbul, most of theforest areas are protected throughout Istanbul. In the past; while a large part of the forests were used to provide firewood with the purpose of heating; in recent years the natural gas networking extended all over the city and decreased this requirement. ![Raw materials Istanbul][5] **2) Regulating Services** Moderation of extreme events: Istanbul, is located on the ground near North Anatolian Fault; starting from the North Anatolia, extending to the Marmara Sea. The two tectonic plates; Eurasia and Africa, push eachother and this arises the movement of the fault. Because of this fault lines; very severe earthquakes have occurred in the region throughout history. The big earthquake occured in Marmara in 1999, caused approximately 18.000 people's death and left many people homeless. Sismolojist indicates; there might be a 7-magnitude earthquake before 2025. ![earthquake map][6] ![Eartquake 1999][7] **3) Habitat or Supporting Services** **Maintenance of genetic diversity:** Istanbul, thanks to its special climatic and geographical position, has developed a rich natural habitat. Overall Istanbul 2,500 plant species are found to live; which corresponds to the quarter number of total plant species found in Turkey. Also with this number of plant species; Istanbul leaves behind many of the European cities. Due to its green spaces and watersheds; Istanbul contains a significant population of animals. Connecting two rich ecosystems of Black Sea and the Aegean; Marmara is one of the most important migratory route for pelagic fish. Until 70's there was claimed to be 76 fish species; today it declined to almost 20s. Considering the recent records; in Marmara coasts, seals and dolphins are also found common. Apart from this; in the forest areas of Istanbul; many species of mammals and predators are living. The main wild animals are; jackals, foxes, martens, weasels, badgers, weasels, skunks, wild boars, porcupines, squirrels, rabbits, red deers, fallow deers, roe deers and wild cats etc. Around Istanbul, protection areas for deers and roe deers have been created. Also stray cats and dogs are commonly seen in the city of Istanbul. Located on an important bird migration route; every spring and autumn; various bird species as storks, eagles, falcons and hawks can be observed in Istanbul. ![plant species][8] ![birds in Istanbul][9] ![street cats in Istanbul][10] ![dolphins in Istanbul][11] **4) Cultural Services** **Tourism:** Istanbul is one of the popular tourist destinations due to its history, monuments and with Bosphorus, being the only city connecting two continents in the world. There has been many historical and touristic structures such as; palaces, mosques, churches, synagogues, city walls, fountains, mansions and monuments. The largest share of tourists belong to the Germans, Russians, Americans, Italians and French. It is recorded that almost 13 million tourists visited Istanbul in 2015 (ranking 5th in the world). And the number of visitors in last 10 years makes 77 million in total. [Istanbul | Flow Through the City of Tales][12] [1]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14597115455974748.jpg [2]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14597114675949541.jpg [3]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14597124176090801.jpeg [4]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/1459712450709761.jpg [5]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14597141672587277.jpeg [6]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14598616674799188.jpg [7]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14597154752996508.jpg [8]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14598662831951251.jpg [9]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14598664188791138.jpg [10]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14598665568471884.jpg [11]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14598665925653451.jpg [12]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7A1q7v4btbk