Uploaded on 2016-03-22 by Arpelaez

When we talk about the climate change, mitigation and adaptation, is very important to understand the situation of the countries in the international context. In the context of the UNFCCC Mexico is a Non-Annex I country, that means, “Non-Annex I Parties are mostly developing countries. Certain groups of developing countries are recognized by the Convention as being especially vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, including countries with low-lying coastal areas and those prone to desertification and drought. Others (such as countries that rely heavily on income from fossil fuel production and commerce) feel more vulnerable to the potential economic impacts of climate change response measures. The Convention emphasizes activities that promise to answer the special needs and concerns of these vulnerable countries, such as investment, insurance and technology transfer.” (http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php) About the national circumstances of Mexico, we can remark: **Location.** Mexico is a country located in North America with an extension of 1,964,375 km2, the 13th biggest country in the world. **Population**. In 2013, Mexico had been more than 118 million of inhabitants, 51% woman and 49% men (CONAPO 2013), these data placed Mexico as the 11th country in population worldwide with 1.72% of the total population of the world (WB 2014) **Land use.** Approximately the 80% of the total of the population in Mexico live in Cities, urbanized areas (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html). Even if a big part of the population life in cities, Mexico for their extension is one of Mega-diverse countries in Latin America. The agricultural land use is around 55% (arable land 11.8%; permanent crops 1.4%; permanent pasture 41.7%) the forest represent the 33 % and other uses are near to 12% (2011 est.) Regarding the Housing sector, the necessity of housing in Mexico is so high, in the next 20 year the Housing sector will increase in 650.000 unit per year in the cities areas. **Climate.** Mexico is a mega-diverse country, in ecosystem, culture and climate to. We could summarize the climate in Mexico in 4 different climate zones; Hot and dry, hot and hot and humid, temperate and semi cold. The different scenarios of climate change show the vulnerability of the country, different model of climate scenarios (15 models) show that the temperature average could increase 1°C to 1.5°C in the majority of the country extension. **Economics.** Mexico is the 15th country in GDP worldwide in 2013 (WB) with 1.7% of the total. The Mexican economy continues to expand at a moderate annual rate of growth of 2.4 percent as the economic recovery lost steam during the first half of 2015. Moderate growth during the first semester of 2015 in Mexico has been attributed to weakness in industrial production in the U.S., a further drop in the volume of oil production reducing annual GDP growth by about 0.4 percentage points and financial market volatility. **Energy consumption.** Mexico is one of the largest producers of petroleum and other liquids in the world, the fourth-largest producer in the Americas after the United States, Canada, and Brazil, and an important partner in U.S. energy trade. In 2014. Mexico's total energy consumption in 2014 consisted mostly of petroleum (45%), followed by natural gas (40%). Natural gas is increasingly replacing oil in electric power generation. However, because Mexico is a net importer of natural gas, higher levels of natural gas consumption will likely depend on more pipeline imports from the United States or liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports from other countries. All other fuel types contribute relatively small amounts to Mexico's overall energy mix. The country also has growing geothermal and wind energy capacity for electricity generation. (https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=MEX ) ![][1] **Industry.** The Mexican Industry is the second activity in contribution to the National GDP, and they are the second activity in energy consumption. Probably the energy demand of the industrial sector will increase 100% to 2027. The main important fossil fuel to energy generation regarding the Industrial sector is the natural gas. **Transport.** The transport in Mexico is one of the keys for a Sustainable Development and Green Growth. Mexico was the 39th position in infrastructure competitiveness regarding the Global Index of Competitiveness in 2013 (WEF). This sector is one of the most energy consumer; the auto-transport is the biggest energy consumer. The fleet car is around 25 million of units. **2. What are the main climate protection targets of your country in the report?** In March of 2015 Mexico submit their INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDc) to the UNFCC, as Non-Annex I party country, Mexico have distinction between Unconditional Reduction and Conditional Reduction. *Unconditional reduction.* Mexico is committed to reduce unconditionally 25% of its Greenhouse Gases and Short Lived Climate Pollutants emissions (below BAU) for the year 2030. This commitment implies a reduction of 22% of GHG and a reduction of 51% of Black Carbon. This commitment implies a net emissions peak starting from 2026, decoupling GHG emissions from economic growth: emissions intensity per unit of GDP will reduce by around 40% from 2013 to 2030. *Conditional Reduction.* The 25% reduction commitment expressed above could increase up to a 40% in a conditional manner, subject to a global agreement addressing important topics including international carbon price, carbon border adjustments, technical cooperation, access to low-cost financial resources and technology transfer, all at a scale commensurate to the challenge of global climate change. Within the same conditions, GHG reductions could increase up to 36%, and Black Carbon reductions to 70% in 2030. All types of contributions are in order to have plans for adaptation and mitigation actions to reduce the impact of the climate change. For this analysis, we will focus only in mitigation actions. The mitigation actions in order to reduce the climate change effect are describing in the Biannual update Report to the UNFCCC (BUR), theses action are: • Accelerate the transition to clean energy sources. • Reduce the energy intensity with efficient schemes and responsible consumption. • Bring the gap to sustainable cities with mobility systems, waste management and, low carbon buildings. • Foster best practices in Agriculture and Livestock, and forest to increase and conserve the natural carbon skins. • Reduce the emission of short life pollutants and improve co-benefits for the health and wellness For more details, please see http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mexbur1.pdf page 178 to 185. **3. How does your country want to reach these targets?** In the first part of the question 2, we have the distinction between Conditioned and Unconditioned contribution in the INDc. The Conditioned contribution will doing with national resources with action in three direction government (normative, laws, incentives, etc), private sector and civil society. For the Unconditioned Contribution, Mexico is looking for International Cooperation, International Climate Finance, and technology transfer and capacity buildings. **4. What is your opinion about you country’s approach of the environmental issues?** In my personal opinion, I think that Mexico have the potential, national resources and the capability to achieve these goal. Probably the problem will be in the governance of the Country, Estates and Municipalities. [1]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14586589804180911.png