Uploaded on 2016-04-29 by Camelialay

On the average of the 60 cities studied, urban summer temperatures were 2.4°F hotter than rural temperatures. Urban heat islands are more intense at night. The average summer overnight temperatures were more than 4°F hotter in cities than surrounding rural areas. **2. Which are the main UHI effects that you can identify in your area?** Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey with a population of 15 million habitants, the urbanization is radically expanding since 1965. A study made by the European Geosciences Union (2016) shows that there is a direct link between the urban expansion of the city and the urban heat effect. Mann–Kendall seasonal analyses indicated that the urbanization effect on climate was most pronounced in summer. The atmospheric UHI usually reaches its highest intensity on summer nights, and under calm air and a cloudless sky. The relationship between urbanization and the changes affecting the urban climate of Istanbul is modeled by the present spatial distribution of the urban heat load. Geographical data of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM) and CORINE Land Cover Raster Data are used to generate the land use distribution. The hot spots of the Istanbul have been identified as central areas especially around the Bosphorus and the historical peninsula. Those areas are known to have a dense spatial coverage with several high buildings. A two-cell structure for the urban heat island emerged with the current landscapes: one on the European side and the other on the Asian side of the city. ![Historical peninsula][1] ![Suburbs][2] **3. Which are the measures you would propose?** I would propose a more ecological and integrative approach concerning the urban expanse of the city, reducing the over densification of already crowded areas. Also use innovative techniques to introduce green spaces in those densified areas without altering its fixed urban planning. **4. Is UHI effect concerning policy making in your area?** Laboratories are studying with concern the UHI effects, however, they remain studies as the government doesn't work on any solid environmental policy, probably taking the situation backward with the construction of the third bridge that wouldn't solve the transportation issue but highly harm the vast vegetation in that area. [1]: http://myweb.wit.edu/priesw/eportfolio_images/Istanbul%202012%20images/Analysis/DM-6.jpg [2]: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/9b/38/6c/9b386ce54676859f0f3075be88aca324.jpg