Uploaded on 2015-11-04 by RyabovaElhana
**1. Population.** Russian population in 2013 was 143,3 million people and it has incrised sinse 2007 on 500 thousand people. We also have high urbanisation level. So, urban population in 2011 was 74% and rural population - 26%. We also have a problem of aging of population. According to the data from Federal State Statistics Service 12,9% of Russian population was 65 years and older in 2010 year. According official demographic forecast it would be 18-19,4% of population in age 65+ by 2030 year. **2. Land use.** In this part I want to say about land using in 2013. So, 65,7% of all Russian lands is the forested lands; 5,2% - reserved lands; 2,7% - specially protected natural reservations' lands; 1,6% - lands of state water fund. As you can see, natural territories constitute 75,2% of all lands. Then, we have 22,6% of agricultural lands and 1,0% of industry lands. And only 1,2% of lands are settlement lands. So, 143,3 millon people live in only 1,2% of our territory. It means that we should have a great density. And we really have it, especially in big cities. Below I want to show you a diaram of land using in 2013. ![enter image description here][1] **3. Climate**. Russia is situated in arctic, subarctic and temperate zones. Average temperature is differ for different part of our cuntry. As an example, the average winter temperature in Caucasus is 0-6C digree, and average winter temperature in East Siberia is (-40)-(-50)C digree. In summer average temperature in Caucasus is 22-24C and in East Siberia is 4-14C. Russian climate is also very sensible to global warming. Since 1976 average temperature has increased on 0,43C during 10 years, while global temperature has increased on 0,17C during the same time. **4. Economics.** Russian economics in 2007-2011 years characterized by significant growth in 2007-2008, then economic recession in 2009 and then recovery growth in 2010-2011. In 2011 GDP increases on 5,7% and Industrial output increases on 3,4% comparing with 2007. **5. Energy consumption.** As I reported in my last homework in Sankey diagramm, total energy supply in 2010 was parted to Natural gas (52%), Crude oil (27%) and Coal (10%). Together they sum 89% of all energy sourses in the inside market. Electricity from Hydropower (5,5%), Nuclear fuel (4,5%) and Renewable sourses (1%) give in sum only 11%. Energy consumption was parted to Industry (43%), Transport (15,6%), Households (13,4%), Building (4,0%), Agriculture (2,3%) and Non-energy use (2,4%). We also have Enegry Losses (10,7%). **6. Industry.** From 2007 to 2011 industrial producrion has increased on 3,4%. The most significant growth was in the extractive industries - 5,4%. Industry is also the main polluter - 63,3% of total air pollutants in 2011 year. **7. Transport.** From 2007 to 2011 increased cargo turnover by railway (1,8%) and auto (8,5%) transport. But in this period decreased passenger traffic by bus and increased by plane. Since 2007 also has increased energy consuming by transport on 3,2%. And air pollution has decreased on 9,7% during the same period. **8. Main climate protection targets of Russia.** The main Russian target in climate protection is reducing by 2020 year greenhouse gas emission to 75% of level 1991 year. So, in 2014 government approved the plan of measures of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 in different economic and social sectors. **9. Reaching of this target.** Russia will reach this target with some steps. They are: - increasing energy efficiency by 2020 (save nearly 420 Mtoe); - expansion of renewable energy sourses. - increasing public transport using. - separate waste collecting. - ecologically sustainable forest management and etc. **10. My opinion about my country’s approach of the environmental issues.** From my point of view all environmental approaches are feasible in theory, but in practice we have some serious problems, such as: - strong lobby from oil and gas companies to growth and development renewable energy. - very wordier and embarrass lows in environmental protection area, excluding normal work of ecologists and enother specialists in this area. - misunderstanding the nessecerety of nature protection and sustainable sourse using from industrial, political leaders and usual people. - weak ecological and moral education of people. - problems in scientific area after the crisis 1990-s and many other problems. That's why I think, that our government can declare lots of targetrs, but only few of them will be feasible, or they will be feasible non-completely. [1]: https://edxuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/14466448854951963.jpg