Uploaded on 2015-11-12 by RyabovaElhana

*1. Provisioning services.* 1) **Food.** In Moscow region agricultural sector (as a form of food growing and production) has 3% of regional GDP. In Moscow region were growing such cultural plants as: potato (916 thousand tonn in 2011), vegetables (649 th. tonn), corn (222 th. tonn). Moscow regional ecosystems also allow to grow farm animals to produce milk (728 th. tonn in 2011) and meat (276 th. tonn in 2011). Also we have a lot of forests in Moscow region to pick berries and mushrooms. And we have many meadows to produce honey. Grain crop harvesting ![enter image description here][1] 2) **Raw materials**. In Moscow region one of the most popular raw material is bog muck. It's extracted in the east of region in Meshchera. We also have such raw materials as clay, glass-making sands, phosphate rocks and etc. Extraction of bog muck in Meshchera ![enter image description here][2] 3) **Fresh water**. Today common water usage for Moscow city and Moscow region is nearly 7.3 million m3 per day, and 90% of all water is from the underground water sources. In Moscow region is primary used 3 water bearing stratums: podol'sko-myachkovskij, kashirskij and aleksinsko-protvinskij. We have seriouus problem connected with oversubscription of underground water and forming regional cone of depression. In the centre of the picture is Moscow cone of depression ![enter image description here][3] We also have some problems with quality of underground waters, connected both with geochemical anomaly and pollution. Natural factors, decreasing water quality are: Fe, water hardness, α–radioactivity, Li, F and Sr. We also have antropogenic pollution, because of 80% of underground water are intaken in industrial areas. Surface water sources are only 10% of all water suplly and only in 8 areas in Moscow region. It's a really great problem, because most of them are strongly polluted and need the rehabilitation. Besides surface and underground waters we also have mineral water sources in Moscow region near Serpuhov, Klin and Zvenigorod towns. 4) **Medicinal resources**. Moscow region is very rich of medicinal plants. It was educed 183 species of medicinal plants in region, 55 of them are used in pharmacological industry and 128 - in traditional medicines. ![enter image description here][4] *2.Regulating Services* 1) The main categories of regulating services in Moscow region are **local climate and air quality** and **carbon sequestration and storage** and **erosion prevention** and all of them are connected with trees and green plants. Nowadays forests consist 40% of all regional land and all of these forests are the secondary-growing. They are really "green lungs" for Moscow city and region, so many of them have a status of specially protected natural reservations. Also planted forests protect soil (and crops) from the strong winds, preventing soil erosion from winds and water flows. Forest covering of Moscow region ![enter image description here][5] And square of specially protected natural reservations in Moscow region (in %) ![enter image description here][6] 2) **Waste-water treatment** in Moscow region connects primary with water infiltration from sandy soils and biological cleaning by macrophytes and different microgerms. It also connected with *biodeversity*, because according to Morozov N.V. it was the strong corellation between quantity of microgerms species and quality of oil pollution cleaning. But we have such problem, connected with overpollution, when self-purification capacity is less then pollution quantity. This is the map of the Estimation of self-purification surface waters in Russia. According this map Moscow region (purple colour) has rather poor conditions for self-purification. ![enter image description here][7] 3.*Habitat or Supporting services* 1) **Habitats for species**. Moscow region is a habitat for 70 species of mammals, nearly 300 species of birds, 6 species of reptiles, 11 species of amphibia and 40 species of fish. We have some ecological programms of feeding wintering birds and a lot of researches the migration ways of migratory birds. 2) **Maintenance of genetic diversity**. Today in Moscow region there are about 80 specially protected natural reservations. In some of them (near Zvenigorod, Odintsovo, Ruza and some other towns) we have biological stations, working (among other things) and with problem of saving biodiversity and genetic diversity. This is the map of specially protected natural reservations in Moscow region ![enter image description here][8] 4.*Cultural services* 1) **Recreation and mental and physical health**. In Moscow region we have a lot of recreation zones in all areas. As I wrote earlier, 40% of all territory is civered by forests. So, we have large places for walking, picking mushrooms and berries, fishibg and even hunting. Also we have improved landscape areas (espesially parks) where people can have a rest, play different sport games, view birds and small animals and etc. Also we have water reservours with improwed banks for swimming and sunbathing. ![enter image description here][9] 2) **Tourism** We also have a great possibilities for different kids of tourism, such as: walking tourism, river vouages by water buses, canoe paddling, nautical tourism end etc. We also have some environmental and man-made sources for extremal tourism, such as open quarry climbing, speleology and such other sport. And besides that we have resources for balneotherapeutic health resort, because we have some mineral water sources in Moscow region. Balneotherapeutic health resort in Zvenigorod town ![enter image description here][10] 3) **Aesthetic appreciation and inspiration for culture, art and design** In Moscow region we have a lot of such places, becoming objects of art for artists, poets, writers and other people. As an example the pare of pictures of Russian modern paintists. Talalaev A.N. (1929-1989). The Alarm. ![enter image description here][11] Vladimir Gusev (1957-). Near water. ![enter image description here][12] Vladimir Gusev (1957-). The basket lunch. ![enter image description here][13] Besides amazing artists and poets we also have some nice town in Moscow region, which together with beautiful landscapes, can be a really great places for cultural tourism. They are: Zvenigorod (it;s a very popular town in many cases), Serpuhov, Volocolamsk, Sergiev Posad, Kolomna, Klin, Vereya and others. Volokolamsk Kremlin ![enter image description here][14] Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius in Sergiev Posad town ![enter image description here][15] 4) **Spiritual experience and sense of place**. it's rather hard to say smth serious about sacres or spiritual places in Moscow region, but, nevertheless we have some "strange places" in our area. One of the most famous is Kindyakovskij Stone (the Stone of Fool). The legend says that it's a part of famous Alatir-Stone - mystical stone from old-Russian tales. Kindyakovskij Stone (the Stone of Fool) ![enter image description here][16] So, at the end I can say, that in Moscow region we have all kinds of ecosystem services, and our duty is to use them carefully and sustainable. [1]: http://www.gosrf.ru/images/news/2013/5/13/1323092403_640.2_20.jpg [2]: http://priroda36.ru/images/thumbnails/images/stories/letters/Moskovskaya-obl/dobycha-torfa-351x263.jpg [3]: http://pandia.ru/text/77/399/images/image004_40.gif [4]: http://spinet.ru/images/for_site/lekarstvennye-rasteniya/lekarstvennye-rasteniya.jpg [5]: http://www.cottage.ru/images/ecomaps/eco_map_04_big.jpg [6]: http://www.domrebenok.ru/upload/medialibrary/6bb/6bb45a2a06271083a608ad0bee2c2cd4.jpg [7]: http://geographyofrussia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/216_1.jpg [8]: http://www.darwinmuseum.ru/expos/floor3/moscow/img/mapoopt_b.jpg [9]: http://donka.kh.ua/_pu/1/s59086480.jpg [10]: http://kurort-msk.ru.images.1c-bitrix-cdn.ru/upload/medialibrary/38a/38a609ca9b45670e4f7b35708fdf31c9.jpg?1442506981332380 [11]: http://www.artsait.ru/art/t/talalaev/img/7.jpg [12]: http://img0.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/3/77/153/77153234_g500_110_Reflection.jpg [13]: http://img0.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/3/93/947/93947682_033.jpg [14]: http://101kupon.com/images/actions/237/VOL.jpg [15]: http://phototravelguide.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/troitse-sergieva-lavra.jpg [16]: http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/9554/4163429.fa/0_81539_2abfff69_XXL.jpg